St. Louis Post-Dispatch from St. Louis, Missouri • Page 109

EUROPA SECTION SUNDAY, JUNE 26, 1960 SECTION I PAGES 1 121 Europe's International Trade Barriers Fading, but Many Problems Remain ST. LOUIS POST-DISPATCH Community Growing Up Rapidly Trade Union 'Groups Give Full Support By H. G. BUTTER Ctreral Secretary, European Trade Union Secretarial. BRUSSELS Ai European citizens, we worker! have had enough of the endless quamli that have divided our continent and have led to two World Wan.

We know that modern production requires the development of a vast home market There to no doubt that the high Bring standard of American workers Is, to a large extent, the result of having such a market la the United States. From the beginning, therefore, the trade union movement has given its full support to the idea of creating a European Common Market. We are responsible for much of the pressure on national governments and parliaments to promote European unity. Not Yet Enough. But we are far from being satisfied with the texts of the three treaties that set up the new communities.

We have at least five main criticisms that can be summed up, roughly, as follows: First, the removal of trade barriers alone Is not a sufficient guarantee that we shall have an expanding economy with full employment, high productivity and a high real wage. There must also be a common economic and social policy. The articles of the Common Market Treaty which deal with the noncommercial forms of European unity are, in our opinion, most insufficient. They mention the possibility of common agricultural, transport and antitrust policies, and contain rather vaguely developed outlines of a common social policy. But the treaty leaves all these for future negotiation.

Second, the treaty is disappointing in its articles regarding the social welfare aspects of European unity. Of course, labor does not want anything like a European government taking over the responsibilities of the trade union movement. Yet we are concerned about the optimistic view in the treaty that an expanding economy will take care of any dislocations In industry and employment. It is dangerous to base a policy of economic integration on the assumption that the boom will go on. Third, the possibilities of the European Investment Bank are not enough to deal with such enormous problems as the development of the depressed areas in our six countries, especially In southern Italy.

Could Develop. Fourth, we think the governments should have handed over more of their executive powers to a new European executive. In this way, the leaders of the new communities could develop Name 'Europa' Symbol Of Uniting Once the name Europa be- one quality that makes them nities. Each member nation Is longed only to a Greek goddess different from the North Atlantic bound to enforce the court's de- who rode a bull. Today it has Treaty Organization, from Unit- cisions, and the six member na- become the symbolic name of ed Nations committees and tions themselves are subject to Europe present.

Gen. De Gaulle said recently that he approved the work of the new communities, But only he knows what France U.S. Hails Progress in Europe By WALTER HALLSTEIN BRUSSELS The Europeaa community is growing up fast. Twenty years ago, Europe was torn by war. Ten years ago, Robert Schuman had Just proposed the pooling of coal and steel that was to lead to further steps toward unity.

Three years ago, the treaties that made those further steps the Common Market and Euratom were still awaiting final ratification. How far have we come Unco then? How fast Is the Common Market moving? How long Is the road that leads to a United States of Europe? American Lesson. It Is now over 200 years since delegates of seven North American colonies met at Albany In June 1754 to propose the union that they declared was "absolutely necessary for their preservation." Not until a generation later was the Federal Constitution signed In Philadelphia, and not for another 80 years was unity finally assured. We in Europe, therefore, have a long way to go, and In some respects our road is harder. Language, tradition and national rivalry are greater obstacles than they were in eighteenth century America.

Trade barriers are more deeply entrenched; state administrations are very much more highly developed. Whereas the task of those who built a united America was essentially that of constructing a federal system, the task of building Europe is chiefly that of removing barriers and of bringing together systems that already exist. More Rewarding. But while it may thus be even more complex, it is also even more rewarding. If unity made sense in 1787, it makes even greater sense In the world of mass production and mass markets.

And if these demand tb.9 removal of barriers, they also demand, in the second half of the twentieth century, the forging of positive policies to spur and guide the growth of the economy. The Common Market Treaty, the blueprint for our work in the economic field, lays down the basic principles both for the negative side of our task the removal of national barriers and for the positive, constructive side that consists in formulating policy. Perhaps naturally, It Is more specific about the negative than about the positive. Tariff and quota barriers to trade within the European Economic Community, the treaty declares, are to be abolished by stages on a 12-to-15-year timetable. Over this period, member states' external tariffs are to be reduced to a common external tariff; and during the same time, the Community is to wipe out other restrictions and forms of discrimination affecting the movement of goods, capital, labor and services from one member state to another.

Barriers Cut. The first firm deadline In this program fell on Jan. 1, 1959, when the Communitv'i Internal tariff barriers were cut by 10 a rather compiicated relaxation of Quota restrictions within the A second enlargement of quotas was made last Jan. 1, and a second reduction of tariffs within the Six will come into effect July 1. These operations will continue at intervalj until all such barriers have been removed.

Speedup Proposed. Clearly, the first reduction of these barriers was the most difficult, since it Involved collect ing data and deciding how to calculate reductions. Moreover, we had to investigate how ef- fectively the required reduction had been made finding out, for Continued on Page 2, Col. 1. 1'holo by Delta and i irdinand Kuna.

in Session session at Strasbourg, wlifc councils and from all the other the court power in specified alphabetical agencies that have sprouted since the war. They are more-than-national. That is in the fields that are staked out for them, they can override any of the six govern- ments that created them. They are, in fact, the basis of an emerging federal authority of ranee and Germany couia Dury tne creation of the common jjeg represents the most con-three branches comparable in their 1000-year-old feud to this Market by creating a rival low- structive political thought put many ways to the U.S. extent and in this fashion? In tariff area nicknamed the "Outer jnto practice in Europe in cen- a more closely united Europe.

In such a Europe, Frenchmen remain French and Germans German, but their governments have begun to turn over some powers to a larger authority, as the American states once did. Six nations have done so: France, Germany, Italy, Bel- gium, Luxembourg and the past few Netherlands. In the years, these six have founded three 1. The European Coal and Steel Community, which enables 8 coa' an stee' s'x countries to flow among them i it -I. as ireeiy as me six were one; 1.

The F.nrnnpan Atomic F.n- ergy Community, or Luratom, which will develop the nuclear resources of all six countries for peaceful purposes, and 3. The European Economic Community, or Common Market, the most ambitious of the three: for it has the iob of abolishinz all trade barriers among the six 1972 the latest, and of Euratom One Pillar of New Europe B' ETIENNE III.1SCII President o( (he Commission, European Atomic Energy Community BRUSSELS Euratom Is one of the three pillars of the new Europe. But unlike its sister organizations, It has the chance and the challenge of working in a new field. mie task of the Coai antj ctpoi i tn r0mm, tne barriers dividing Europe's jjasjc reS0urces and that of the Common Market to pool the re- rnainder of those resources Euratom has also to speed the creation of the resources that it pUns together Rs advant 'e that there are comparatively few vested inter. le with dis.

advantage is that much of its i. i. 8nf rowtft ot nuclear industry in Europe. At the moment, the spadework phase is passing, and Euratom is moving into more normal operations. To use the language of atomic scientists, Euratom is "going critical." Nuclear energy Is the field in Continued on Page 2, Col.

3. will do about them the long run. Overhanging the future of the communities is a second ques- ion as crucial as the first. Will tie six-nation area of incipient federalism be widened to other countries? Britain, unable or un willing to join the Six, answered ijcvch uniaui, nuaitia, uwib- terland, Norway, Sweden, Den- mark and Portugal. Recently the British have shown signs of edging closer to the six.

Thev are considering ininint F.nratnm nnd th Coal and Steel Community. Jiut unless the Seven and other non-members Can ease their relationships with the Common Market as well, Eur0pe risks moving into the divided into two blocs in tra(je, and perhaps in politics, too It Is too earlv. then, to assume that all the dreams of a un ted Europe Come true What can be said, with truth, is that the heart of western fcurope is pulsing with new strength and purpose. Its hopeful beat can be heard in these pages in wnicn "Europa Speaks." -FERDINAND KUIIN. by at but already able by a two-thirds creating a single market for the vote to make the executive re-products of their 170,000,000 sign.

At present, the six national people, parliaments appoint the Assem- ablp bv two-thirds cases. Here, then, is something revolutionary in Europe, as Ambassador Butterworth writes. Most Western leaders of a gen- eration ago would not have be lieved it possible. Who could have guessed, on VE Day, that aujiio waya ifc waiiaiiia uis nwivi "miracle" to describe it. But it is an uncompleted mlr- acle.

Though six countries have moved further toward federal- ism than ever before, many tu- ropean leaders concede that the prugress su idr ims uccu pai- xiai, nailing ana unsausiymg. Those officials Who write in the supplement describe their work as a mere beginning; the inde- pendent writers in these pages find the movement raising at least as many problems as It solves. 1 Welded by Summit. Will the communities come a real federation? Robert Mar- jonn, one oi uieir nrcnuecis, writes that popular election of the Assembly will be the next step in a continuing process The abrupt descent from the i I ii oummu nas orawn me aix more closely together, at least for the Europe; Work we have wondered what visible signs of unity have come of all this striving. So, like the Forty- Niners who prospected for gold in California, we set out to look for solid evidence.

This is a story of our search, and of what we found. There is a road through the heart of Western Europe that is like no other we know of. As highways go today, it is nothing to brag about, for it is only two lanes wide. It is only 157 miles long, less than the distance be- Continued on Page 6, Col. 1.

jai.il luuuuuiiujr lias, 11121 ui all, an executive called a "high authority" for coal and steel, a "commission" for Euratom and the Common Market. These bodies work independently of in- structions from the six govern- me i uduum eye mem mrougn a wwncu of Ministers, which can act on their recommendations. Rein on Executive. There is, secondly, a legislative branch in embryo: a European Assembly, still re stricted in its legislative powers, Diy irom among tneir memoers Finally, there Is a judicial branch: a common Court of Jus- t'ce, with power to rule on dis- 1 i pues Busing uum me ueaues which set up the three commu- Writers Tour See Unity At By Delia and Ferdinand Kuhn Special to th Pa-t-Dlspatch. What can one actually see of European unity? Other writers In these pages deal with the new organs of European Integration and what they are trying to do.

We have watched these new agencies at work and have attended their conferences; we have listened to the speeches of their leaders and have drowned in the Niagara of their printed words. For the whole effort and the people who are involved in it. we have a profound respect. But a European policy without hav Ing to pay too much attention to the particular interests of each of the countries concerned. Finally, we consider the trade union influence in the whole in- stitutional setup to be deeply insufficient.

The unions will have to give this their constant atten- tion lest they lose on the Euro- i i .1. pean icvei sums oi me miiu- ence they have won in their re- spective countries. All these rather strong critical positions have not changed our attitude toward the European ntegration process itself We Irnrwu thnr um nauA nraconr onci we are fullv aware of the fact that economic concentrations are trying to organize the Common no-iTo Market along their lines But just because we do not happen to like the policies of our governments, or because we have severe criticisms of the way the treaties are being carried out, we are not willing to abandon the idea of creating a European Common Market and through this a wider social, economic and political unity. rvis By AMBASSADOR W. WALTON BUTTERWORTH JR.

BRUSSELS The United States welcome9 the progress being made toward a federation states in Europe. The concept embodied in the new communi- turies. Why has the United States sup- ported this kind of European in- tegration? Its reasons para lei closely those which have influ- -nH en manv nf Fn toward the same goal. Both the United States and they see in the immunities: The means of creating politl. cal cohesion through firm or- ganic relationships and institu- tional bonds, a i i i -c wi.

frlp Zi pSeriS can a decisive wifh thp A frarnework for expanding an(i strenethenine the European economy by creating a broad Continued on Page 4, Col. 3. il a European parliament In Robert Schema? presiding. This supplement attempts to explain and appraise the three new underpinnings of to tell how they grew, what they are doing and what they are likely to achieve. The communities have at least Photo by Delia and Ferdinand Kuhn, Border Stops through French Lorraine, without stopping.

I.M ii, MiM.nr---'-"'"'- mmmmAl "EUROPA SPEAKS TO an Advertising Section of the Six Common-Market Countries Developed by A. R. Lerner, European Representative St. Louis Post-Dispatch Six-Nation European Parliament Speeding Across Europe Without Twenty-four Trans-Europ express trains, like this one speeding now criss-cross Europe every slay end pass frontiers Here a view of the.